Process Equipment and Plant Design
LMTD correction factor is used in heat exchanger design for

Multipass shell and tube heat exchanger
Fouling fluids
Double pipe heat exchanger
Counter flow of hot and cold fluids

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel

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