Process Equipment and Plant Design
The most common standard size of bubble caps used in industrial operation is

8" dia cap with 1" dia riser
6" dia cap with 4" dia riser
1" dia cap with 0.5" dia riser
4" dia cap with 8" dia riser

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Triangular pitch tube layout as compared to square pitch in a shell and tube heat exchanger

Facilitates comparatively easier external cleaning because of large clearance
Both B and C
Permits the use of less tubes in a given shell diameter
Permits the use of more tubes in a given shell diameter

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