Process Equipment and Plant Design
The most common standard size of bubble caps used in industrial operation is

1" dia cap with 0.5" dia riser
4" dia cap with 8" dia riser
6" dia cap with 4" dia riser
8" dia cap with 1" dia riser

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

Equal to the tube diameter
More than the tube diameter
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"

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