Process Equipment and Plant Design
The most common standard size of bubble caps used in industrial operation is

8" dia cap with 1" dia riser
4" dia cap with 8" dia riser
6" dia cap with 4" dia riser
1" dia cap with 0.5" dia riser

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the logarithmic mean temperature difference

Is always more than arithmetic mean value and the geometric mean value
May be either more or less than geometric mean and arithmetic mean value depending upon whether the flow of stream is co-current or counter-current
Is always less than arithmetic mean value, but more than geometric mean value
Is always less than arithmetic average value

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