Process Equipment and Plant Design
The most common standard size of bubble caps used in industrial operation is

4" dia cap with 8" dia riser
6" dia cap with 4" dia riser
8" dia cap with 1" dia riser
1" dia cap with 0.5" dia riser

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ

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