Internal Combustion Engines
The exhaust valve in a four stroke cycle petrol engine

Opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
May open and close anywhere
Opens at 50° before bottom dead center and closes at 15° after top dead center
Opens at 50° after bottom dead center and closes at 15° before top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine

Fuel injection starts at just before top dead center and ends just after top dead center
May start and end anywhere
Fuel injection starts at top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at 10° before top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center

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