Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle petrol engine, the expansion

Starts at 30° before top dead center and ends at 50° before bottom dead center
May start and end anywhere
Starts at 30° after top dead center and ends at 50° after bottom dead center
Starts at top dead center and ends at bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
The brake power (B.P.) of the engine is given by (where W = Brake load or dead load in newtons, l = Length of arm in meters, N = Speed of engine in r.p.m., S = Spring balance reading in newtons, D = Dia. of brake drum in meters, and d = Dia. of rope in meters)

P = [(W - S) πDN]/60 watts
P = (Wl × 2πN)/60 watts
P = [(W - S) π (D + d) N]/60 watts
All of these

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Internal Combustion Engines
As compared to air standard cycle, in actual working, the effect of variation in specific heats is to

Increase maximum pressure and decrease maximum temperature
Decrease maximum pressure and increase maximum temperature
Reduce maximum pressure and maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and maximum temperature

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