Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine

May start and end anywhere
Fuel injection starts at just before top dead center and ends just after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at 10° before top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)

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