Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)

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Internal Combustion Engines
The fuel valve in a four stroke cycle diesel engine

Opens at 15° after top dead center and closes at 20° before bottom dead center
Opens at 15° before top dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center
Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center
May open and close anywhere

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