Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engines

Exhaust valve opens at 35° before bottom dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
Exhaust valve opens just after bottom dead center and closes just before top dead center
May open and close anywhere

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Internal Combustion Engines
The purpose of testing an internal combustion engine is

All of these
To determine the information, which cannot be obtained by calculations
To conform the data used in design, the validity of which may be doubtful
To satisfy the customer regarding the performance of the engine

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