Internal Combustion Engines
The fuel valve in a four stroke cycle diesel engine

Opens at 15° before top dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center
May open and close anywhere
Opens at 15° after top dead center and closes at 20° before bottom dead center
Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
Detonation is harmful due to

Increase in the rate of heat transfer, there is a reduction in the power output and efficiency of the engine
None of these
Excessive turbulence which removes most of the insulating gas boundary layer from the cylinder walls
High intensity of knock causes crankshaft vibration and the engine runs rough

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