Process Equipment and Plant Design
In perforated plate towers, the

Total hole area may be around 6 to 15% of tower cross-sectional area
All of these
Hole sizes may be around 1/8" or 3/16"
Pressure drop is less compared is similar bubble cap towers

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter
Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
All of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a double pipe (concentric) heat exchanger, the hydraulic radius for heat transfer (for a fluid flowing through the annulus) would be

Same as that for fluid flow
Less than that for fluid flow
D₂ - D₁ (D₁ and D₂ are I.D. of inner and outer pipes respectively)
More than that for fluid flow

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning
Perferably flow outside the tube
Flow at a very slow velocity
Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current

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