Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engine the inlet valve

May open or close anywhere
Opens at 20° before top dead center and closes at 35° after the bottom dead center
Opens at 10° after top dead center and closes 20° before the bottom dead center
Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
Fuel consumption of diesel engines is not guaranteed at one quarter load because at such low loads

The small difference in cooling water temperature or in internal friction has a disproportionate effect
The friction is unpredictable
The friction is high
The engine is rarely operated

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Internal Combustion Engines
As compared to air standard cycle, in actual working, the effect of variation in specific heats is to

Decrease maximum pressure and increase maximum temperature
Reduce maximum pressure and maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and decrease maximum temperature

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