Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engines

Exhaust valve opens at 35° before bottom dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center
Exhaust valve opens just after bottom dead center and closes just before top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
May open and close anywhere

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Internal Combustion Engines
As compared to air standard cycle, in actual working, the effect of variation in specific heats is to

Increase maximum pressure and decrease maximum temperature
Decrease maximum pressure and increase maximum temperature
Reduce maximum pressure and maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and maximum temperature

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