Highway Engineering
If the design speed is V kmph and deviation angle is N radians, then the total length of a valley curve in meters is given by the expression

3.8 (NV3)”2
3.8 NV”2
0.38 (NV3)”2
0.38 N V3/2

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Highway Engineering
The effect of grade on safe overtaking sight distance is

to increase it on descending grades and to decrease it on ascending grades
to decrease it on both descending and ascending grades
to decrease it on descending grades and to increase it on ascending grades
to increase it on both descending and ascending grades

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