Highway Engineering
If the design speed is V kmph and deviation angle is N radians, then the total length of a valley curve in meters is given by the expression

3.8 NV”2
0.38 (NV3)”2
3.8 (NV3)”2
0.38 N V3/2

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Highway Engineering
The direct interchange ramp involves

diverging to the left side and merging from left
diverging to the left side and merging from right
diverging to the right side and merging from left
diverging to the right side and merging from right

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