MGVCL Exam Paper (30-07-2021 Shift 2)
The expression for voltage regulation of a short transmission line for leading power factor is given by: ____, where, 'I' is the line current, 'V_r' is the receiving end voltage, 'R' is the line resitance and 'X' is the line reactance.

(IRcosφ_r + IXsinφ_r)/V_r
(IRcosφ_r - IXsinφ_r)/V_r
(IXcosφ_r - IRsinφ_r)/V_r
(IXcosφ_r + IRsinφ_r)/V_r

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MGVCL Exam Paper (30-07-2021 Shift 2)
____are long-term (hours-long) voltage sags caused by system overload.

Voltage dips
Brownouts
Black outs
Voltage surges

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