For lagging power factor = (IR*cosφ + Ixsinφ)/Vr For leading power factor = (IR*cosφ - Ixsinφ)/Vr Zero voltage regulation occurs on leading power factor only.
Bus Type - Known Parameter - Unknown Parameter Load Bus -P, Q - V, phase angle Generator Bus - P, V (magnitude) - Q, Voltage phase angle Slack Bus Voltage - magnitude and phase angle - P, Q
Power factor for purely inductive circuit is 0 and power factor angle is 90 degree. Power factor for purely capacitive circuit is 0 and power factor angle is 90 degree Power factor for purely resistive circuit is 1 and power factor angle is 0 degree
A voltage dip is a short temporary drop in the voltage magnitude in the distribution or customer's electrical system. Common causes of voltage sags and under voltages are short circuits (faults) on the electric power system, motor starting, customer load additions and large load additions in the utility service area. Sags can cause computers and other sensitive equipment to malfunction or simply shut off.
The electrostatic stress in a cable is not uniformly distributed. The potential gradient is inversely proportional to the distance from the centre of the cable. Hence, it will be maximum (gmax) at the surface of the conductor and goes on decreasing until it becomes minimum (gmin) at the surface of the sheath. That means electrostatic stress in the dielectric of a cable is maximum at the surface of the conductor and minimum at the surface of the sheath.
EXAMIANS