Enzymes
Before they can react, many molecules need to be destabilized. This state is typically achieved through

the input of a small amount of activation energy
changing the reaction from a biosynthetic to a catabolic pathway
oxidizing the molecules by removing electrons
changing the three-dimensional shape of the molecule

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Enzymes
Enzyme-driven metabolic pathways can be made more efficient by

grouping enzymes into free-floating, multienzyme complexes
fixing enzymes into membranes so that they are adjacent to each other
concentrating enzymes within specific cellular compartments
All of these

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Enzymes
The E.coli pyruvic acid dehydrogenase complex is reported to

retard the reduction of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co A and CO2
Catalyze the reduction of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co A and CO2
Catalyze the oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co A and CO2
decatalyze the oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co A and CO2

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