Process Equipment and Plant Design
Accidents in chemical plants are mostly due to

Inadequate equipment design
Improper layout of the equipments
Failure of equipments
Faulty operating procedures

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the comparative evaluation of performance of the packed tower and the plate tower.

In operations involving large temperature changes. (e.g. distillation), plate towers are preferred over packed towers as the packing may be crushed due to large temperature changes
Plate tower is perferred, if interstage cooling is required to remove heats of reaction or solution
Plate tower is preferred over packed tower, if the operation involves liquids containing dispersed solids
The total weight of a dry plate tower is usually much more than that of a dry packed tower designed for the same duty

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Central dished section and straight flange section
Central dished section and corner torus section
Straight flange section and corner torus section
Corner torus section and central dished section

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