Process Equipment and Plant Design
Accidents in chemical plants are mostly due to

Improper layout of the equipments
Faulty operating procedures
Failure of equipments
Inadequate equipment design

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
Equal to the tube diameter
More than the tube diameter

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