Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pressure drop due to pipe fittings can be estimated by the equation, ΔP/p = 4f.Le/D.V2/2gc, where, Le = equivalent length of straight pipeline which will incur the same frictional loss as the fitting and D = diameter of the fitting. The value of Le/D (dimensionless) for 45° elbow and 180° close return bends would be respectively around

5 and 10
180 and 300
300 and 500
45 and 75

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Weep holes provided in the plates of a distillation column

Must be large enough (usually 1/4" to 5/8" dia) to prevent plugging but should not deliver excessive amount of fluid during operation
Facilitate draining out liquid from a tray when the unit is not in operation
Are normally located near the overflow weir so that any delivery of liquid during operation follows approximately the same path as the overflow fluid
All of these

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