Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pressure drop due to pipe fittings can be estimated by the equation, ΔP/p = 4f.Le/D.V2/2gc, where, Le = equivalent length of straight pipeline which will incur the same frictional loss as the fitting and D = diameter of the fitting. The value of Le/D (dimensionless) for 45° elbow and 180° close return bends would be respectively around

45 and 75
300 and 500
180 and 300
5 and 10

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the logarithmic mean temperature difference

Is always more than arithmetic mean value and the geometric mean value
May be either more or less than geometric mean and arithmetic mean value depending upon whether the flow of stream is co-current or counter-current
Is always less than arithmetic average value
Is always less than arithmetic mean value, but more than geometric mean value

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Mc Cable Thiele method used for finding theoretical stages in a distillation column assumes that the

Liquid/vapor loading across the column remains constant
Trouton's rule is applicable
Sensible heat differences are small, because the temperature changes from tray to tray is small
All of these

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