Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pressure drop due to pipe fittings can be estimated by the equation, ΔP/p = 4f.Le/D.V2/2gc, where, Le = equivalent length of straight pipeline which will incur the same frictional loss as the fitting and D = diameter of the fitting. The value of Le/D (dimensionless) for 45° elbow and 180° close return bends would be respectively around

45 and 75
180 and 300
300 and 500
5 and 10

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The function of manholes provided in the shell of a distillation column is to

All of these
Guard against foaming & entrainment by dumping antifoaming agent through it
Give access to the individual trays for cleaning, maintenance and installation
Keep a check on the liquid gradient over the plate by direct visual observation

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Number of evaporators which can be used in service in a multiple effect evaporation system is limited by the

Both A & B
Neither A nor B
Economic limit reached, when the plant cost exceeds the saving of steam
Practical limit reached, due to low heat transfer rate because of inadequate temperature difference

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