Process Equipment and Plant Design
Optimum reflux ratio in a continuous distillation column is determined by the

Maximum permissible vapour velocity
None of these
Total cost consideration (fixed cost of the column plus the cooling water & steam cost)
Flooding limit of the column

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the corrosion allowance

For internal cover and tube sheet is provided on both the sides
For carbon steel and cast iron pressure parts is 1.5 mm (except for tubes) and for severe conditions it is 3 mm
Need not be provided for non-pressure parts like tie rods, spacers, baffles, supports etc
All of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In case of design of a shell and tube heat exchanger,

Minimum cleaning lane of 6.5 mm is provided, when tubes are on a square pitch
O.D. of the tube is 6 to 40 mm while the tube lengths used are 0.5, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6 metres
All of these
Minimum tube sheet thickness (in which tubes are fixed) is equal to the O.D. of the tube upto 15 mm tube diameter; and for > 15 mm tube diameter, tube sheet thickness is smaller than tube diameter

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