Process Equipment and Plant Design
Optimum reflux ratio in a continuous distillation column is determined by the

Total cost consideration (fixed cost of the column plus the cooling water & steam cost)
Maximum permissible vapour velocity
None of these
Flooding limit of the column

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

All of these
Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft
Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel

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