Process Equipment and Plant Design
Optimum reflux ratio in a continuous distillation column is determined by the

Maximum permissible vapour velocity
Flooding limit of the column
None of these
Total cost consideration (fixed cost of the column plus the cooling water & steam cost)

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the corrosion allowance

Need not be provided for non-pressure parts like tie rods, spacers, baffles, supports etc
For carbon steel and cast iron pressure parts is 1.5 mm (except for tubes) and for severe conditions it is 3 mm
For internal cover and tube sheet is provided on both the sides
All of these

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