Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Which of the following is not a valid assumption in continuous binary distillation for calculating the number of equilibrium stages by Mc-Cabe-Thiele's method?

Sensible heat changes for vapour & liquid are negligibly small
Heat of mixing of normal liquid is assumed to be zero
Reflux is not a saturated liquid
Molar latent heat of the two components are equal

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