Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D
All of these
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Feed is not at its bubble point
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Central dished section and corner torus section
Central dished section and straight flange section
Corner torus section and central dished section
Straight flange section and corner torus section

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