Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
High pressure fluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger should preferably be routed through the

Shell side for smaller total pressure drop
Tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure shell construction
Shell side, if the flow is counter-current and tube side if the flow is co-current
Shell side for large overall heat transfer co-efficient

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