Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

Facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side fluid
Results in higher shell side pressure drop
Can accomodate less number of tubes for a given shell diameter
Creates relatively lower turbulence on the shell side resulting in lower shell side heat transfer co-efficient

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Feed is not at its bubble point
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small

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