Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The function of manholes provided in the shell of a distillation column is to

Keep a check on the liquid gradient over the plate by direct visual observation
Guard against foaming & entrainment by dumping antifoaming agent through it
Give access to the individual trays for cleaning, maintenance and installation
All of these

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