Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the

Liquor is inside the tube while the steam is outside the tube
All of these
Area of central downtake is equal to 40 to 100% of total cross-sectional area of the surrounding tube
Tube dia of 2.5-7.5 cms, tube length of 75-200 cms and cylinderical drum dia of 1-6 metres are normally used

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle
Both B & C
Is economical in operation
Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement

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