Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a bag filter, the pressure drop increases directly as the

Viscosity of the gas and inversely as density of the gas
Density of the gas and inversely as viscosity of the gas
Density of the gas, but is independent of the viscosity of the gas
None of these

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