Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
Equal to the tube diameter
More than the tube diameter

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger for a given heat transfer surface area, smaller diameter tubes are favoured as compared to larger diameter ones ; because the smaller diameter tubes

Are easier to clean
Can be fitted into a smaller shell diameter hence the cost of the heat exchanger would be less
None of these
Are less prone to fouling

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel

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