Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall tray efficiency of a distillation column is the ratio of the number of

Real trays required to the number of ideal trays required
None of these
Ideal trays required to the number of real trays required
Overall gas transfer units to the number of ideal trays required

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
Both B and C

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel

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