Internal Combustion Engines
The exhaust valve in a four stroke cycle petrol engine

Opens at 50° before bottom dead center and closes at 15° after top dead center
Opens at 50° after bottom dead center and closes at 15° before top dead center
May open and close anywhere
Opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
Volatility of diesel fuel oil is

It catches fire without external aid
Minimum temperature to which oil is heated in order to give off inflammable vapours in sufficient quantity to ignite momentarily when brought in contact with a flame
Temperature at which it solidifies or congeals
Indicated by 90% distillation temperature, i.e., when 90% of sample oil has distilled off

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