Microbiology of Soils
Syntrophism involves

exchange of nutrients among species
exchange of nutrients between two species
no exchange of nutrients between two species
no exchange of nutrients among species

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Microbiology of Soils
Nitrogen fixation by the microorganisms can be detected by adopting the approach of

cultivating the microorganisms in the presence of nitrogen labeled with isotropic nitrogen
All of these
demonstrating growth in a nitrogen free medium
measuring15N2 by mass spectrometer

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Microbiology of Soils
Denitrification is

both (a) and (b)
reduction of nitrate to organic nitrogen compounds
changing of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to nitrogen compounds
reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas

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