Microbiology of Soils
The nonsymbiotic bacteria which fix nitrogen live in the soil independently are

Clostridium
considerably less important in comparison to the symbiotic bacteria
All of these
Azotobacter

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Microbiology of Soils
Nitrogen fixation

fix the free nitrogen (N2) by which it should not be usable by plants
especially changes nitrogen compounds, mostly amines such as NH2
both (a) and (b)
changes the free nitrogen (N2) to a form usable by plants

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Microbiology of Soils
Nitrogen fixation by the microorganisms can be detected by adopting the approach of

measuring15N2 by mass spectrometer
cultivating the microorganisms in the presence of nitrogen labeled with isotropic nitrogen
All of these
demonstrating growth in a nitrogen free medium

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Microbiology of Soils
Denitrification is

changing of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to nitrogen compounds
both (a) and (b)
reduction of nitrate to organic nitrogen compounds
reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas

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