Microbiology of Soils
The nonsymbiotic bacteria which fix nitrogen live in the soil independently are

Azotobacter
Clostridium
considerably less important in comparison to the symbiotic bacteria
All of these

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Microbiology of Soils
Nitrogen fixation by the microorganisms can be detected by adopting the approach of

cultivating the microorganisms in the presence of nitrogen labeled with isotropic nitrogen
measuring15N2 by mass spectrometer
demonstrating growth in a nitrogen free medium
All of these

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Microbiology of Soils
Nitrogen fixation

especially changes nitrogen compounds, mostly amines such as NH2
both (a) and (b)
fix the free nitrogen (N2) by which it should not be usable by plants
changes the free nitrogen (N2) to a form usable by plants

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Microbiology of Soils
Denitrification is

reduction of nitrate to organic nitrogen compounds
changing of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to nitrogen compounds
reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas
both (a) and (b)

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