Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)
l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of resistance is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Actual discharge through an orifice to the theoretical discharge
Actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice

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