Theory of Machine
When the elements of a pair are kept in contact by the action of external forces, the pair is said to be a

Higher pair
Self-closed pair
Lower pair
Force-closed pair

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Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l₁ + l₂ + l₃
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴

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Theory of Machine
Inertia force acts

Perpendicular to the acceleration force
None of the listed here
Along the direction of acceleration force
Opposite to the direction of acceleration force

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