Theory of Machine
When the elements of a pair are kept in contact by the action of external forces, the pair is said to be a

Self-closed pair
Lower pair
Force-closed pair
Higher pair

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of these

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