Theory of Machine
Higher pairs are those which have

Two elements that permit relative motion
Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion

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Theory of Machine
In a four bar chain or quadric cycle chain

Three are turning pairs and one is a sliding pair
Each of the four pairs is a turning pair
One is a turning pair and three are sliding pairs
Two are turning pairs and two are sliding pairs

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Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ

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