Theory of Machine
When the addenda on pinion and wheel is such that the path of approach and path of recess are half of their maximum possible values, then the length of the path of contact is given by (where r = Pitch circle radius of pinion, R = Pitch circle radius of wheel, and φ = Pressure angle)

[(r² + R²) sinφ]/2
[(r + R) sinφ]/2
[(r + R) cosφ]/2
[(r² + R²) cosφ]/2

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Theory of Machine
Open pairs are those which have

Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Two elements that permit relative motion
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion

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Theory of Machine
The secondary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)

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