Theory of Machine
When the addenda on pinion and wheel is such that the path of approach and path of recess are half of their maximum possible values, then the length of the path of contact is given by (where r = Pitch circle radius of pinion, R = Pitch circle radius of wheel, and φ = Pressure angle)

[(r + R) cosφ]/2
[(r + R) sinφ]/2
[(r² + R²) cosφ]/2
[(r² + R²) sinφ]/2

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Theory of Machine
The velocity of piston in a reciprocating steam engine is given by (where ω = Angular velocity of crank, r = Radius of crank pin circle, θ = Angle turned by crank from inner dead center, and n = Ratio of length of connecting rod to the radius of crank)

ω²r [sin θ + (sin 2θ/n)]
ω²r [cos θ + (cos 2θ/n)]
ωr [sin θ + (sin 2θ/n)]
ωr [cos θ + (cos 2θ/n)]

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