Theory of Machine
When the addenda on pinion and wheel is such that the path of approach and path of recess are half of their maximum possible values, then the length of the path of contact is given by (where r = Pitch circle radius of pinion, R = Pitch circle radius of wheel, and φ = Pressure angle)

[(r + R) cosφ]/2
[(r² + R²) cosφ]/2
[(r² + R²) sinφ]/2
[(r + R) sinφ]/2

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Theory of Machine
In gears, interference takes place when

The tip of a tooth of a mating gear digs into the portion between base and root circles
Gears do not move smoothly in the absence of lubrication
Pitch of the gears is not same
Gear teeth are undercut

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