Theory of Machine
The swaying couple is due to the

Partial balancing
Primary unbalanced force
Two cylinders of locomotive
Secondary unbalanced force

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Theory of Machine
The maximum fluctuation of energy is the

Difference between the maximum and minimum energies
Sum of the maximum and minimum energies
Variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line
Ratio of the mean resisting torque to the work-done per cycle

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Theory of Machine
Hammer blow

Is the maximum horizontal unbalanced force caused by the mass provided to balance the reciprocating masses.
Varies as the square root of the speed
Is the maximum vertical unbalanced force caused by the mass added to balance the reciprocating masses
Varies inversely with the square of the speed

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Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3

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