Theory of Machine
A Hartnell governor has its controlling force (Fc) given by Fc = ar + b, where r is the radius of rotation and a and b are constants. The governor becomes isochronous when

a is +ve and b is -ve
a = 0 and b is +ve
a is +ve and b = 0
a is +ve and b is also +ve

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Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r cosθ

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