Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
All of these

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Theory of Machine
For an isochronous Hartnell governor (where r₁ and r₂ = Maximum and minimum radius of rotation of balls respectively, S₁ and S₂ = Maximum and minimum force exerted on the sleeve respectively, and M = Mass on the sleeve)

S₂/S₁ = r₁/r₂
S₁/S₂ = r₁/r₂
(m.g + S₁)/(m.g + S₂) = r₁/r₂
(m.g - S₁)/(m.g - S₂) = r₂/r₁

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