Theory of Machine
The contact ratio is given by

(Length of path of recess)/(Circular pitch)
(Length of the path of approach)/(Circular pitch)
(Length of the arc of contact)/(Circular pitch)
(Length of the arc of approach)/cosφ

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Theory of Machine
The steering of a ship means

Movement of a complete ship up and down in vertical plane about transverse axis
Turning of a complete ship in a curve towards right or left, while it moves forward
None of these
Rolling of a complete ship sideways

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