Theory of Machine
Angle of action of cam is defined as the angle

Of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower
Moved by the cam from beginning of ascent to the termination of descent
Through which the cam rotates during the period in which the follower remains in the highest position
Moved by the cam from the instant the follower begins to rise, till it reaches its highest position

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

All of these
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam

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