Surveying
When a star is between the pole and the horizon, the relationship between latitude (λ), zenith distance (z) and declination δ, is

θ = 180° - (z + δ)
θ = δ - z
θ = (z + δ) - 180°
θ = z + δ

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Surveying
For mapping any country

Geodetic triangulation of greatest possible sides and accuracy is carried out
Secondary triangles are further broken into third and fourth order triangles, the points of which are used for detail surveys
All listed here
Primary triangles are broken down into secondary triangles of somewhat lesser accuracy

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Surveying
Sidereal day

Is the period of time taken by the earth in making a complete rotation with reference to stars
Is slightly shorter than an ordinary solar day
Is divided into the conventional hours, minutes and seconds
All listed here

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