Surveying
When a star is between the pole and the horizon, the relationship between latitude (λ), zenith distance (z) and declination δ, is

θ = (z + δ) - 180°
θ = 180° - (z + δ)
θ = δ - z
θ = z + δ

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Surveying
Dumpy level is most suitable when

All of these
the instrument is to be shifted frequently
many readings are to be taken from a single setting of the instrument
fly levelling is being done over long distance

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