Surveying
When a star is between the pole and the horizon, the relationship between latitude (λ), zenith distance (z) and declination δ, is

θ = δ - z
θ = 180° - (z + δ)
θ = z + δ
θ = (z + δ) - 180°

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Surveying
If altitude bubble is provided both on index frame as well as on telescope of a theodolite, then the instrument is levelled with reference toi) altitude bubble on index frameii) altitude bubble on index frame if it is to be used as a leveliii) altitude bubble on telescopeiv) altitude bubble on telescope if it is to be used as a level The correct answer is

both (i) and (iv)
only (i)
both (ii) and (iii)
only (iii)

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