Surveying
When a star is between the pole and the horizon, the relationship between latitude (λ), zenith distance (z) and declination δ, is

θ = z + δ
θ = δ - z
θ = (z + δ) - 180°
θ = 180° - (z + δ)

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Surveying
For a line AB

the forebearing of AB and back bearing of BA differ by 180°
both (A) and (B) are correct
the forebearing of AB and back bearing of AB differ by 180°
none is correct

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Surveying
Refraction correction

adds to the curvature correction
partially eliminates curvature correction
has no effect on curvature correction
completely eliminates curvature correction

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