Surveying
When a star is between the pole and the horizon, the relationship between latitude (λ), zenith distance (z) and declination δ, is

θ = z + δ
θ = δ - z
θ = (z + δ) - 180°
θ = 180° - (z + δ)

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Surveying
Which of the following errors cannot be eliminated by taking both face observations ?

None of these
index error i.e. error due to imperfect adjustment of the vertical circle vernier
error due to non-parallelism of the axis of telescope level and line of collimation
error due to horizontal axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis

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Surveying
Pick up the incorrect statement from the following. In a spherical triangle

Sum of any two sides is greater than the third
Sum of the three angles is equal to two right angles
Every angle is less than two right angles
Sum of the three angles less than six right angles and greater than two right angles

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