Surveying
If ‘f’ is the focal length of the camera lens and ‘θ’ is the angle of tilt, the distance of the plumb point from the principal point will be

f tan θ
f sec θ
f sin θ
f cos θ

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Surveying
Circumpolar stars

Remain always above the horizon
Are seldom seen near the pole star
Rotate round the North Pole
Rotate round the celestial pole

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