Surveying
If ‘f’ is the focal length of the camera lens and ‘θ’ is the angle of tilt, the distance of the plumb point from the principal point will be

f tan θ
f sin θ
f cos θ
f sec θ

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Surveying
Dumpy level is most suitable when

fly levelling is being done over long distance
All of these
many readings are to be taken from a single setting of the instrument
the instrument is to be shifted frequently

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