Surveying
If ‘f’ is the focal length of the camera lens and ‘θ’ is the angle of tilt, the distance of the plumb point from the principal point will be

f sec θ
f sin θ
f tan θ
f cos θ

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
is used at the time of standardising the tape
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero

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