Surveying
Subtense bar is an instrument used for

measurement of horizontal distances in undulated areas
levelling
measurement of angles
measurement of horizontal distances in plane areas

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two
double sighting

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