Surveying
The latitude of the observer's position, is

Declination of the observer's zenith
All listed here
Elevation of the elevated pole
Angular distance along the observer's meridian between equator and the observer

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Surveying
Circumpolar stars

Rotate round the celestial pole
Rotate round the North Pole
Remain always above the horizon
Are seldom seen near the pole star

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Surveying
Systematic errors

Are also known as cumulative errors
Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
All listed here
Always follow some definite mathematical law

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