Surveying
The latitude (λ) of a place and the altitude (α) of the pole are related by

λ = α
λ = 180° - α
λ = 90° - α
λ = α - 90°

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Surveying
Contour interval is

Larger for accurate works
Larger if the time available is more
Inversely proportional to the scale of the map
Directly proportional to the flatness of ground

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