Surveying
The latitude (λ) of a place and the altitude (α) of the pole are related by

λ = 90° - α
λ = α
λ = α - 90°
λ = 180° - α

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

an open traverse for graphical adjustment
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error
None of these
determine the effect of local attraction

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