Surveying
If the staff is not held vertical at a level¬ling station, the reduced level calculated from the observation would be

None of these
less than true R.L.
more than true R.L.
true R.L.

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error
determine the effect of local attraction
None of these
an open traverse for graphical adjustment

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