Machine Design
When a shaft is subjected to combined twisting moment (T) and bending moment (M), then the equivalent twisting moment is equal to

(1/2) × [M + √(M² + T²)]
(1/2) × √(M² + T²)
M + √(M² + T²)
√(M² + T²)

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Machine Design
The effective stress in wire ropes during normal working is equal to the stress due to

Bending plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Acceleration/retardation of masses plus stress due to bending
Axial load plus stress due to bending

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