Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface)

(Ax̅/IG) + x̅
(IG/Ax̅) + x̅
(IG/x̅) - Ax̅
(IG/Ax̅) - x̅

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Cavitation will begin when

pressure is increased
pressure becomes more than critical pressure
flow is increased
the pressure at any location reaches an absolute pressure equal to the saturated vapour pressure of the liquid

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