Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Which of the following is an incorrect statement ?

Flow nozzle is cheaper than venturimeter but has higher energy loss
Discharge is independent of orientation of venturimeter whether it is horizontal, vertical or inclined
Coefficient of contraction of a venturimeter is unity
None of these

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)
l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)
l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)

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