Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The force exerted (in Newton) by a jet of water impinging normally on a fixed plate is (where w = Specific weight of water in N/m3, a = Cross-sectional area of jet in m², and V = Velocity of jet in m/s)

waV / g
waV² / 2g
waV / 2g
waV² / g

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice

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