Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

All of the listed here
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam

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Theory of Machine
The displacement of the reciprocating roller follower, when it has contact with the straight flanks of the tangent cam, is given by (where r₁ = Minimum radius of the cam, r₂ = Radius of the roller follower, and θ = Angle turned by the cam from the beginning of the follower displacement)

(r₁ + r₂) (1 + cosθ)
(r₁ + r₂) [(1 - cosθ)/cosθ]
(r₁ - r₂) (1 - cosθ)
(r₁ - r₂) [(1 - cosθ)/cosθ]

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