Theory of Machine
The tractive force in a locomotive with two cylinders is given by (where c = Fraction of reciprocating parts per cylinder, m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, and θ = Angle of inclination of crank to the line of stroke)

m.ω².r sinθ
(1 - c).m.ω².r (cosθ - sinθ)
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (cosθ - sinθ)

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of these
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam

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