Theory of Machine
The tractive force in a locomotive with two cylinders is given by (where c = Fraction of reciprocating parts per cylinder, m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, and θ = Angle of inclination of crank to the line of stroke)

(1 - c).m.ω².r (cosθ - sinθ)
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (cosθ - sinθ)

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Theory of Machine
A governor is said to be stable, if the

Radius of rotation of balls increases as the equilibrium speed increases
Radius of rotation of balls decreases as the equilibrium speed increases
Radius of rotation of balls decreases as the equilibrium speed decreases
Radius of rotation of balls increases as the equilibrium speed decreases

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