Theory of Machine
The tractive force in a locomotive with two cylinders is given by (where c = Fraction of reciprocating parts per cylinder, m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, and θ = Angle of inclination of crank to the line of stroke)

m.ω².r (cosθ - sinθ)
(1 - c).m.ω².r (cosθ - sinθ)
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r cosθ

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Theory of Machine
Which of the following statements regarding laws governing the friction between dry surfaces are correct?

The friction force is directly proportional to the normal force.
The friction force is dependent on the materials of the contact surfaces.
All of these
The friction force is independent of me area of contact.

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