Theory of Machine
It is required to connect two parallel shafts, the distance between whose axes is small and variable. The shafts are coupled by

Oldham's coupling
Knuckle joint
Flexible coupling
Universal joint

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Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴

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