Recombinant DNA Technology
Some genetic diseases cannot be diagnosed by changes in restriction sites. Some of these can be detected by allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. These are

PCR-amplified variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs)
short sequences that will hybridize only to a specific base sequence
copies of the gene with an altered sequence so that a restriction site is inserted
mutagenized copies of a gene

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Recombinant DNA Technology
Isoschizomers recognize

same recognition site and recognition sequence
different recognition site and different recognition sequence
same recognition sequence but different recognition site
same recognition site and different recognition sequence

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Recombinant DNA Technology
Knockout mice are created by

creating a chimera by fusing cells from two different cell lines
mutagenizing a mouse and selecting for mutant offspring
infecting the mouse with a retrovirus
transfecting embryonic stem cells with an altered gene sequence

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